Толковый словарь английского языка Oxford English Reference - scale
Scale
scale
1. n. & v. --n. 1 each of the small thin bony or horny overlapping plates protecting the skin of fish and reptiles. 2 something resembling a fish-scale, esp.: a a pod or husk. b a flake of skin; a scab. c a rudimentary leaf, feather, or bract. d each of the structures covering the wings of butterflies and moths. e Bot. a layer of a bulb. 3 a a flake formed on the surface of rusty iron. b a thick white deposit formed in a kettle, boiler, etc. by the action of heat on water. 4 plaque formed on teeth. --v. 1 tr. remove scale or scales from (fish, nuts, iron, etc.). 2 tr. remove plaque from (teeth) by scraping. 3 intr. a (of skin, metal, etc.) form, come off in, or drop, scales. b (usu. foll. by off) (of scales) come off. Phrases and idioms scale-armour hist. armour formed of metal scales attached to leather etc. scale-board very thin wood used for the back of a mirror, picture, etc. scale-bug = scale insect. scale-fern any of various spleenworts, esp. Asplenium ceterach. scale insect any of various insects, esp. of the family Coccidae, clinging to plants and secreting a shieldlike scale as covering. scale-leaf a modified leaf resembling a scale. scale-moss a type of liverwort with scalelike leaves. scales fall from a person's eyes a person is no longer deceived (cf. Acts 9:18). scale-winged lepidopterous. scale-work an overlapping arrangement. Derivatives scaled adj. (also in comb.). scaleless adj. scaler n. Etymology: ME f. OF escale f. Gmc, rel. to SCALE(2) 2. n. & v. --n. 1 a (often in pl.) a weighing machine or device (bathroom scales). b (also scale-pan) each of the dishes on a simple scale balance. 2 (the Scales) the zodiacal sign or constellation Libra. --v.tr. (of something weighed) show (a specified weight) in the scales. Phrases and idioms pair of scales a simple balance. throw into the scale cause to be a factor in a contest, debate, etc. tip (or turn) the scales 1 (usu. foll. by at) outweigh the opposite scale-pan (at a specified weight); weigh. 2 (of a motive, circumstance, etc.) be decisive. Etymology: ME f. ON sk{aacute}l bowl f. Gmc 3. n. & v. --n. 1 a series of degrees; a graded classification system (pay fees according to a prescribed scale; high on the social scale; seven points on the Richter scale). 2 a (often attrib.) Geog. & Archit. a ratio of size in a map, model, picture, etc. (on a scale of one centimetre to the kilometre; a scale model). b relative dimensions or degree (generosity on a grand scale). 3 Mus. an arrangement of all the notes in any system of music in ascending or descending order (chromatic scale; major scale). 4 a a set of marks on a line used in measuring, reducing, enlarging, etc. b a rule determining the distances between these. c a piece of metal, apparatus, etc. on which these are marked. 5 (in full scale of notation) Math. the ratio between units in a numerical system (decimal scale). --v. 1 tr. a (also absol.) climb (a wall, height, etc.) esp. with a ladder. b climb (the social scale, heights of ambition, etc.). 2 tr. represent in proportional dimensions; reduce to a common scale. 3 intr. (of quantities etc.) have a common scale; be commensurable. Phrases and idioms economies of scale proportionate savings gained by using larger quantities. in scale (of drawing etc.) in proportion to the surroundings etc. play (or sing) scales Mus. perform the notes of a scale as an exercise for the fingers or voice. scale down make smaller in proportion; reduce in size. scale up make larger in proportion; increase in size. scaling-ladder hist. a ladder used to climb esp. fortress walls, esp. to break a siege. to scale with a uniform reduction or enlargement. Derivatives scaler n. Etymology: (n.) ME (= ladder): (v.) ME f. OF escaler or med.L scalare f. L scala f. scandere climb
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I. noun see: shell Date: 14th century 1. either pan or tray of a balance, a beam that is supported freely in the center and has two pans of equal weight suspended from its ends, an instrument or machine for weighing, II. verb (~d; scaling) Date: 1691 transitive verb to weigh in ~s, intransitive verb to have a specified weight on ~s, III. noun see: shell Date: 14th century 1. a small, flattened, rigid, and definitely circumscribed plate forming part of the external body covering especially of a fish, a small thin plate suggesting a fish ~ , the scaly covering of a ~d animal, a small thin dry lamina shed (as in many skin diseases) from the skin, a thin coating, layer, or incrustation: as, a usually black scaly coating of oxide forming on the surface of a metal (as iron) when it is heated for processing, a hard incrustation usually rich in sulfate of calcium that is deposited on the inside of a vessel (as a boiler) in which water is heated, 4. a modified leaf protecting a seed plant bud before expansion, a thin, membranous, chaffy, or woody bract, 5. any of the small overlapping usually metal pieces forming the outer surface of ~ armor, ~ armor, 6. ~ insect, infestation with or disease caused by ~ insects, ~d adjective ~less adjective IV. verb (~d; scaling) Date: 15th century transitive verb to remove the ~ or ~s from (as by scraping) , to take off in thin layers or ~s , to throw (as a thin flat stone) so that the edge cuts the air or so that it skips on water ; skim, intransitive verb to separate and come off in ~s ; flake, to shed ~s , V. verb (~d; scaling) Etymology: Middle English, from 6~ Date: 14th century transitive verb 1. to attack with or take by means of scaling ladders , to climb up or reach by means of a ladder, to reach the highest point of ; surmount , 2. to arrange in a graduated series, b. to measure by or as if by a ~, to measure or estimate the sound content of (as logs), to pattern, make, regulate, set, or estimate according to some rate or standard ; adjust , intransitive verb to climb by or as if by a ladder, to rise in a...Толковый словарь английского языка
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